The Effect Of Phosphorus Sources On Nodulation And Dry Matter Yield Of Pigeonpea (Cajanus Cajan) (L) Millip).
Volume 1 - Issue 5, November 2017 Edition
[Download Full Paper]
Author(s)
Yanquoi H, Abekoe K M, Ali M
Keywords
Nodulation; Nutrient uptake; Pigeon pea; Phosphorus fertilizers
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element which has been identified as a major plant nutrient that limits nitrogen (N2) fixation in legumes. Different sources of water soluble P have been used to increase growth, nodulation and N2 fixation in legumes , but there is inadequate information on the effect of phosphate rocks (PRs) on the growth, nodulation, and N2 fixation of pigeonpea. In this study, Togo rock phosphate (TRP), and water soluble triple superphosphate (TSP) were used to test the effect of P application on dry matter yield and nodulation of pigeonpea. The objectives of the study were to (i) compare Togo rock phosphate with Triple super phosphate with respect to: dry matter yield and nodulation of pigeonpea using two soil series (Toje and Bumbi), (ii) assess the rate of phosphorus application for maximum dry matter yield and nodulation in pigeonpea and (iii) compare the agronomic effectiveness of the two P sources in a green house experiment. The study was carried out in pots with phosphorus application rates of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg P/ha and pigeonpea was used as a test crop. The plants were grown and harvested 6 weeks after planting. The shoots were analyzed for dry matter yield and phosphorus uptake and root nodule numbers were counted and weighed. The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of the Togo rock phosphate was calculated using the dry matter yield and P uptake at 120 kg P/ha application rate. The results of the pot experiment showed that the dry matter yield (DMY) of the pigeonpea crop increased consistently from 0-P kg/ha to 120 kg P/ha and decreased at 150 kg P/ha in both soils. The DMY, nodule numbers and weight in the Toje soil series were significantly higher than in the Bumbi soil despite the relatively higher fertility status of the Bumbi soil series (p < 0.05). This suggests that soil fertility is not the only parameter to be considered for growth and development of crops. For soil productivity, both the chemical and the physical properties are equally important since they both contribute to the root development and exploration for nutrients and water in the soil. Dry matter yield, nodule numbers and weight of the pigeonpea obtained in the TSP treatments were significantly higher than those of the Togo rock phosphate treatments. The agronomic effectiveness of the TRP in the two soils showed that in the Toje soil series, the RAE was 27 % and in the Bumbi soil series, it was 18 % that of the TSP. This could be attributed to the fact that the Togo rock phosphate did not dissolve adequately well to supply the needed P to the pigeonpea during the six weeks growing period.
References
[1] Abekoe, M. K, and Sahrawat, K. L., (2001). Phosphate retention and extractability in soils of the humid zone in West Africa. Geoderma. 102: 175-187.
[2] Abekoe, M. K. and Tiessen H. (1998). Fertilizer P transformation and P availability in hillslope soils of northern Ghana. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 52: 45-54.
[3] Abruna, F., Rivera, F., and Rodgriguez Garcia, J. A. (1984). Crop response to soil acidity factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. Pigeonpea. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puert. 68: 433.443.
[4] Acquaye, D K. and Oteng, J. W. (1972). Factors influencing the status of phosphorus in surface soils of Ghana. J. Agric. Science. 5:221-228.
[5] Adediran, J. A., Oguntoyinbo, F. I., Omonode, R. and Sobulu, R. A. (1998). Evaluation of phosphorus availability from three sources in Nigerian soils. Communications Science Analyses. 29: 2659-2673.
[6] Ae, N. Arthara, J., Okada, K.., Yoshihara and T. Johansen, C. (1990). Phosphorus uptake by pigeonpea and its role in cropping systems of the Indian subcontinent. Science. 248:477-480.
[7] Ahenkorah, Y., J. K. Amatekpor, Dowuona G. N. N. and Dua S. Yentumi. (1993). Soil Resources of Ghana. In: Soil and Water Resources of Ghana; their conservation Management and constraints to their utilization for sustainable development.
[8] Page41 United Nations University – Institute of Natural Resource for Africa.
[9] Ahn, P. (1974). Influence of climate and vegetation. West African soils. Oxford Univ.Press Pp. 85-86.
[10] Allen, O., N. and Allen, E. K. (1981). The leguminosae. A Source of Books of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin 812pp.
[11] Andrew, C. S. (1977). Nutritional restraints on legume symbiosis. In: Vincent, J M., Whitney, A. S. and Bose, L. J. (eds) Exploiting the Legume – Rhizobium symbiosis in Tropical Agriculture. Miscellaneous Publication No. 145. College of Tropical Agriculture, University of Hawaii. Honolulu. Pp253 – 274.
[12] Ankomah, A. B., Zapata, F., Harderson, G. and Danso, S. K. A. (1996). Yield, nodulation and N2 fixation by cowpea cultivars and different phosphorus levels. Biology Fertility and Soils. 22: 10 – 15.
[13] Becker, M., Ali, M., Ladha, J. K. and Ottow J. C. G. (1990). Growth and N2 fixation of two stem nodulating legumes and their effect as a green manure on lowland rice. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 22(8): 1109-1119.
[14] Boddey, R. M., de Oliveira, O. C., Urquiaga, S., Reis, V. M., Olivares, F. L., Baldani, V. L. D. and Dobereiner, J. (1995). Biological nitrogen associated with sugar cane and rice; concentrations and prospects for improvement. Plant and Soil. 174: 195 -209.
[15] Bolan, N. S. White, R. E. and Hedley. M. J. (1990). A review of the use of phosphorus rocks as fertilizers for direct application in Australia and New Zealand. Australia Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 30: 297-313.
[16] Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method for making particle size analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal. 54:464 – 465.
[17] Bray, R. H. and Kurtz, L. T. (1945). Determination of total organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 59:39-45.
[18] Brady, N. C. (1990). The Nature and Properties of Soil. Tenth Edition, Macmillan publishing company. New York. 621pp.
[19] Buresh, R. J., Smithson, P. C. and Hellums, D. T. (1997). Building phosphorus capital Africa. P.111-149. In: Buresh et al. (ed.) Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 51.SSSA/ASA, Madison, WI, USA. Pp 111-149.
[20] Cassman K. G, Singleton, P. W. and Linguist B. A. (1993). Input/output analysis of the cumulative soybean response to phosphorus on an Ultisol. Field Crops Research 34: 23-29.
[21] Chien, S. H. and Menon, R. G. (1995). Factors affecting the agronomic effectiveness of phosphate rocks for direct application. Fertilizer Research. 41: 227 – 234.
[22] Chien, S. H. Sompongse, D., Hensao, J. and Hellums, D. T. (1987). Greenhouse evaluation of phosphorus availability from compacted phosphate rocks with urea and triple superphosphate. Fertilizer Research. 14: 245-256.
[23] Chong, K., Wynne, J. C., Elkan, G. H. and Schneeweis, T. J. (1987). Effects of soil acidity and aluminium content on Rhizobium inoculation, growth and nitrogen fixation of peanuts and other grain legumes. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad). 64: 97 -104.
[24] Dakora, F. D. and Phillips D. (2002). Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low nutrients soils. Plant and Soil. 245: 35-47.
[25] Dakora, F. D., Aboyinga, R. A., Mahama, Y. and Apaseku, J. (1997). Assessment of N2 fixation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and their relative N contribution to a succeeding maize crop in Northern Ghana. MIRGEN Journal. 3: 389-399.
[26] Dalal, R. C. and Quilt, P. (1977). Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, liming and molybdenum on nutrition and grain yield of pigeonpea. Agronomy Journal. 69: 854 – 857.
[27] Danso S. K. A. and Alexander, M. (1974). Survival of two Rhizobium strains on soil. Soil Science of American Proceedings. 38: 86-89.
[28] Danso S. K. A., Bowen, G. D. and Sanginga, N. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation in trees agro–ecosystems. Plant and Soil. 141: 177 – 196.
[29] Dudeja, S. S. and Khurana, A. L. (1989). Persistence of bradyrhizobium sp (Cajanus) in a sandy loam. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 21: 209-713.
[30] Edwards, D. C. (1981). Development of research on pigeonpea nutrition. In: Proceedings of the Intyernational Workshop on Pigeonpeas. Volume 1, 15-19 December, 1980, ICRISAT, Pantancheru, India.
[31] Eze, P. N. (2008). Characterization, Classification and Pedogenesis of soils on a Legon catena in Accra plains of Ghana. MPhil thesis, Department of Soil Science, University of Ghana, Legon.
[32] FAOSTAT. (2007). Faostar collection version O and subset agriculture last accessed, Natural Resources Agriculture Forum, South Africa. 35: 297-305.
[33] Fiagbedzi, S. (1989). Soil Landscape Relationship on Legon Hills. BSc. Dissertation, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences University of Ghana Legon 37pp.
[34] Foy, C. D. (1974). Effect of aluminium on plant growth. In: The plant root and its environment. Carson, E. W. (eds). University Press, Virginia, Charlotlessville Pp 601-642.
[35] George, T., Buresh, R. J., Ladha, J. K. and Punzalan, G. (1998). Recycling in Situ of legume fixed and soil nitrogen in tropical lowland rice. Agron. J. 90:429-437.
[36] Giller, K. E. (2001). Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems, 2nd edition. CABI International, Willingford, U. K. Pp 88. 254-257.
[37] Giller, K. E., Aimyee, F., Brodrick, S. J. and Edje, O. (1998). Environmental constraints to nodulation and nitrogen fixation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in response to N and P fertilizers and inoculation in Tanzania. African Journal of Crop Science. 6: 171-178.
[38] Giller, K. E., and K. J, Wilson. (1991). Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems. CAB International. Wallingford, England. Pp 313.
[39] Graham, P. H. (1981). Some problems of nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. A review. Field Crops Research. 4: 93-112.
[40] Guerinot, M. L. (1991). Iron uptake and metabolism in the rhizobial legume symbiosis. Plant and Soil. 130: 199 – 209.
[41] Hammond, L. L., Chien, S. H. and Mokwunye, A. U. (1986). Agronomic values of unacidulated and partially acidulated phosphate rocks indigenous to the tropics. Advances in Agronomy. 40:89-140.
[42] Hellums, D. T., Chien, S. H. and Touchion. J. T. (1989). Potential agronomic value of calcium in some phosphorus rocks from South America and West Africa. Soil Sci Soc. Am. J. 53: 495-462.
[43] Hermandez, B. S. and Focht, L. (1985). Effect of phosphorus, Calcium and Hup- and Hup+ Rhizobia on pigeonpea yields on an infertile tropical soil. Agronomy Journal. 77: 867-871.
[44] Hillocks, R. J. Minia, E., Nahdy M. S and Subrahmayan, P. (2000). Diseases and pests of pigeonpea in Eastern Africa. Industrial Journal of Pest Management. 46:7- 18.
[45] Hungria, M. and Vargas, M. A. T. (2000). Environmental factors affecting N2 fixation in grain legumes in the tropics with emphasis on Brazil. Field Crops Research 65: 151-164.
[46] International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), (1984). Circular IFDC- S-8. (Annual Report), IFDC Muscle Shoals, Alabama.
[47] ISSS – ISRIC – FAO (WRB) (1998). Soil Resources. World Soil Research Report; 84 FAO, Rome. Pp 167- 179.
[48] Jama, B. Buresh, R. J. Ndufa, J. K. and Shepherd, K. (1998). Sesbania tree fallows on phosphorus deficient sites yield and financial benefits. Agronomy Journal. 90:717-726.
[49] Johansen, C, Silm, S. N. and Laxman, S. (1993). Towards a database for pigeonpea in Africa. International Pigeonpea Newsletters. 18: 2-5.
[50] Johnson, A.K.C. (1995). Inventory and mining of local mineral resources in West Africa. Pp. 21- 40. Gerner and A.U. Mokwunye (ed.) Use of phosphate rock for sustainable agriculture in West Africa. Misc. Fertilizer Studies No. 11. Int. Fertilizer Develop. Center- Africa,Lome, Togo.
[51] Jones R. B., Freeman, H. A. and Lo Monaco. G. (2002). Improving the access of small farmers in Eastern and Southern Africa to global pigeonpea market. Agricultural Research and Extension Network. 120: 1-11.
[52] Jordan, D. C. (1984). Rhizobiaceae. In: Krieg, N. K. and Hett, J. G. (eds). Bergeys’s Manual of systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 1. Williams and Wilkins, Bathmore, Maryland. Pp 235 – 244.
[53] Khurana, A. L. and Dudeja, S. S. (1981). Field populations of rhizobia and response to inoculating with molybdenum and nitrogen fertilizers in pigeonpea. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Pigeonpea, 2: 15- 19, December 1998. ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. Pp 381-386.
[54] Kumar Rao, J. V. D. K. Dart, P. J., Matsumoto, T. and Day, J. M. (1981). Nitrogen fixation by pigeonpea (Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp). In: Proceedings of international workshop on pigeonpea. Vol. (1): 15-19. December, India, Pantancheru, A. P. India: ICRISAT. Pp: 190 - 199.
[55] Langar R. H. M. and Hill, G. D. (1991). Agricultural plants. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Pp 387.
[56] Lie, T. A. (1981). Environmental physiology of the legume - rhizobium symbiosis. In: Broughton, W. J. (ed). Nitrogen Fixation Volume 1. Ecology. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. Pp: 104-134.
[57] Linguist, B. A. Singleton, P. W. and Cassaman, K. G. (1997). Inorganic and organic phosphorus dynamic during a build up and decline of available phosphorus in an Ultisol, Soil Science. 162: 254- 264.
[58] Lutz, J. A. 1971. Comparison of partially acidulated rock phosphate and concentrated superphosphate as sources of P for corn. Agron. J. 63: 919-922.
[59] Mokwunye, A U., Chien, S. H. and Rhodes, E. (1980). Reaction of partially acidulated phosphate rock with soils from the tropics, Sci. Soc. Am. J. 477–482.
[60] Mokwunye, A V., de Jager, A. and Smaling, E. M. A. (1986). Key to sustainable development. Misc. Fertilizers studies no. 14. Int. fertilizer Development, Center- Africa, Lome, Togo.
[61] Mokwunye, A. V. (1995). Reaction in Soil involving phosphate rock. In; Use of phosphate rock for sustainable agriculture in West Africa. Germer H. and Mokwunye, A. U. (eds). IFDC in Africa. Pp 84- 92.
[62] Nene, Y. L. and Sheila, V. K. (1990). Pigeonpea, Geography and Importance. Pp 1 – 12, In ; The pigeon (Nene, Y. L. Hall, S. D. and Sheila, V. K. eds). Wallingford, U.K. CAB International.
[63] O’ Hara, G. W. (2001), Nutritional constraints on root nodule bacteria affecting symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, in press.
[64] O’ Hara, G. W. and Dilworth, M. J. (1988). Mineral constraints to nitrogen fixation, Plant and Soil, 108, 93-110.
[65] Owusu-Bennoah, E. and Acquaye, D. K. (1989). Phosphate sorption characteristics of selected major Ghanaian soils. Soil Sci. 148:114-123.
[66] Owusu-Bennoah, E., Szilas, C., Hansen, H. C. B. and Borggaard, O. K. (1997). Phosphorus sorption in relation to aluminium and iron oxides of Oxisols from Ghana. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 28:685-697.
[67] Reddy, L. J. Green, J. M. Bisen, S. S. Singh. U and Jambumathan. R. (1979). Seed protein studies on Cajanus Cajan L. Atylousia spp, and some hybrid derivatives. In: Seed protein Improvement in Cereals and Grain Legumes, Volume 2,Pp 105 – 117. IAEA, FAO.
[68] Neuthurberg. Rhizobium lupine, rhizosphere colonization and no nodule initiation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 17: 81-85.
[69] Robson, A. D. (1983). Mineral nutrition. In: Broughton, W. J. (ed). Nitrogen Fixation: Volume III legumes. Clarendon Press, Oxford U. K. Pp 36-55.
[70] Sahrawat, K. L., Jones, M. P. and Diatta, S. (1998). Plant phosphorus and rice yield in an Ultisol of the humid forest zone in West Africa. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis.29: 997-1005.
[71] Sahrawat, K. L., Jones, M. P. and Diatta, S. (2000). The role of tolerant genotypes and plant nutrients in the management of acid soil infertility in upland rice. P 29 – 43. In; Management and conservation of tropical acid soils for sustainable crop production. Proceeding of a Consultants Meeting organized by joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria. 1- 3 March, 1999. IAEA–TECDOC 1159.
[72] International. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. Sanchez, P., Plam, A. C. A., Davey, C. B. Szott L. T. and Rusell. C. E. (1985). Trees as source of soil improvement in humid tropic In: M. G. R. Cannell and J. E. Jackson (eds). Attributes of tree crop plant. Huntingdon, U. K Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. 35:435 – 468.
[73] Shanower, T. G. Romeis, J. and Minia, E M. (1999). Insect pests of pigeonpea and their management. Annual Review of Entomology. 44:77-96.
[74] Standley, J. and Moody, P. W. (1985). Evaluating the phosphorus requirements of pastures in the tropics. In: Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Phosphorus Compounds Brussels. Belgium. pp 345-353.
[75] Tian, G., Carsky, R. J. and Kang, B. T. (1998). Differential phosphorus responses of leguminous cover crops on soils with variable history. Journal of Plant Nutrition 21: 1641-1653.
[76] Troedson, R. J. Wallis, E. S. and Singh, L. (1998). Pigeonpea Adaptation In: Nene, Y. Hall, SD, Sheila, VK. (eds), he pigeonpea CABI Wallingford, pp 159 – 177.
[77] USDA. (1999). Soil Survey Staff. A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil survey. Agriculture Handbook No. 436. 2nd edition. U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. USDA. (2003) Key to Soil Taxonomy. Soil Survey Staff 9th edition. U.S Government Printing office, Washington, DC.
[78] Vanlauwe, B. G. Vanlangehore, J. and Merckx. R. (2000). Impact of rainfall regime on the decomposition of leaf litter under subhumid tropical condition. Biology Fertility of Soils. 20: 8-11.
[79] Walkley, A. and I. A. Black 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37: 29 – 37.
[80] Wild, A. and Jones, M. J. (1975). Soils of the West Africa Savanna. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, U.K.CAB.
[81] Young, N. D., Mudge, J., Ellis A. In., (2003). Legumes genome, More than peas in a pod. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6: 199-204.
