Critical Review On Past Literature Of Forestation And Impacts On Socio-Economic Conditions Of Rural Community Of The World
Volume 1 - Issue 5, November 2017 Edition
[Download Full Paper]
Author(s)
Imad ur Rahman, Naushad Khan
Keywords
Critical Review, Forestation, Impacts, Socio-economic Conditions, Rural Community of the world
Abstract
The study was carried out in 2017 and major objectives were to examine the critical review on past literature of forestation while to see the impacts on socio-economic conditions of rural community of different countries of the world. Total 23 studies were selected for the critical review and twenty times the studies were reviewed and regarding objectives data were collected from the past literature and analyzed. The critical review indicates that forestation increase the number of trees in the world which further improve ecosystem which positively affect every living organism and give benefits to human society such as increase their daily income and play key role in human livelihood. However deforestation destroy the ecosystem and affect human life adversely in the long run, such as increase carbon dioxide and deplete the ozone and create different diseases in human being as well as in plants and animals while creates changes in the climate which affect cropping pattern. Deforestation makes soil erosion which decrease fertility of the land and decrease per acre production while also speed up the wave of flood in the area. On the basis of results the study finally recommend that deforestation control by government is essential; Balance cutting of the wood by government and community is requested. Tree plantation by farmers on their farms for keeping balance is required. Monitoring team check and balance is required because to take action in proper time. Forestation program by government is requested. Best seedling and credit provision in time to farmers by government is required. Awareness program about deforestation in the world is requested. Industrial waste material cleanness is required for protection of environment. Love with tree is required by nation. Good policy preparation for forestation by government is requested.
References
[1] Ali, H., Shafi, M. M., Himayatullah, M. S., &Ullah, A. (2014). Management of Forest Related Natural Resources through Participatory Approach. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 2014.
[2] Angelsen, A., Shitindi, E. F. K., &Aarrestad, J. (1999). Why do farmers expand their land into forests? Theories and evidence from Tanzania. Environment and Development Economics, 4(03), 313-331.
[3] Aguilar, L. O. R. E. N. A., Araujo, A. R. I. A. N. A., & Quesada-Aguilar, A. N. D. R. E. A. (2007). Reforestation, afforestation, deforestation, climate change and gender. Fact Sheet. Costa Rica: IUCN.
[4] BenÃtez, P. C., McCallum, I., Obersteiner, M., & Yamagata, Y. (2004). Global supply for carbon sequestration: identifying least-cost afforestation sites under country risk consideration.
[5] Bala, G. et al. (2007). Combined climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 104(16): 6550–6555.
[6] Fomete, T., and Vermaat, J. 2001.Community forestry and poverty alleviation in Cameroon.Rural development forestry network. Network Paper No. 25h.
[7] Kassioumis, K., Papageorgiou, K., Christodoulou, A., Blioumis, V., Stamou, N., &Karameris, A. (2004). Rural development by afforestation in predominantly agricultural areas: issues and challenges from two areas in Greece. Forest Policy and Economics, 6(5), 483-496.
[8] Government of Pakistan 2014-15.Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan
[9] Government of Pakistan 2014-15.Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Finance Department.
[10] Government of Pakistan 2013-14 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
[11] Garba T., IlelahK.G .Muktari A. K., Gana B. A, M. J. Sani (2016). Effects of World Bank Afforestation Projects for Combating Desertification on Land Use Land Cover Changes. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Volume 5 Issue 5, May 2016 www.ijsr.net
[12] Kleinn, C. (2001). A cautionary note on the minimum crown cover criterion in forest definitions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31(2), 350-356.
[13] Kalu, C., Edet, D. I., &Chukwuenye, C. E. (2014). Assessment of Afforestation and Reforestation Efforts by Forestry Department, Ministry of Environment, Imo State. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 6(2), 54-65.
[14] Mchaina, D. M., & Serra, G. R. (2009). Planning and implementation initiatives for an afforestation project in an arid environment, northern Chile.
[15] Malhi, Y. et al. (2002). Forests, carbon and global climate. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 360: 1567–1591.
[16] Michaelowa, A., &Rawat, V. R. S. (2007). CDM afforestation and reforestation baseline methodologies: An analysis of the submission and approval process (No. 4-9). Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI).
[17] Panigrahy, R. K., Kale, M. P., Dutta, U., Mishra, A., Banerjee, B., & Singh, S. (2010). Forest cover change detection of Western Ghats of Maharashtra using satellite remote sensing based visual interpretation technique. Current Science, 98(5), 657-664.
[18] Suleri, A. Q. (2002). The state of forests in Pakistan through a pressure-state-response framework. Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
[19] Shinwari, M. I., & Khan, M. A. (2000). Vegetation comparison of sacred, reserved and unreserved sites of Rumli Village at Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 1681-1683.
[20] USAID. 2007. The U.S Department of Agriculture. http://www.fs.fed.us/ecosystemservices
[21] Winters, L.A. 2001. “Trade Liberalization and Povertyâ€, Discussion paper 7, PRUS-University of Sussex
[22] Dictionaryofforestry.org. 2008-10-22.Retrieved 2014-03-15.
[23] Young, Raymond A. (1982). Introduction to Forest Science.John Wiley &Sons.p. ix. ISBN 0-471-06438-6
[24] National Forest Inventory 2002 Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV), Germany accessed 17 January 2010
[25] Elands, B. H., &Praestholm, S. (2008). Landowners’ perspectives on the rural future and the role of forests across Europe. Journal of Rural Studies, 24(1), 72-85.
[26] Idris Medugu, N., Rafee Majid, M., Johar, F., &Choji, I. D. (2010). The role of afforestation programme in combating desertification in Nigeria. International journal of climate change strategies and management, 2(1), 35-47.
[27] Jaenicke, H. (1999). Good tree nursery practices: practical guidelines for research nurseries. World Agroforestry Centre.
[28] Shackleton, C. M., Shackleton, S. E., Buiten, E., & Bird, N. (2007). The importance of dry woodlandsand forests in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa. Forest policy and economics, 9(5), 558-577.
[29] Ornstein, L. Irrigated Afforestation of Deserts to Thermostat the Earth, End Global Warming and Provide Enormous Sustainable Sources of Wood to Replace Non-renewable Fossil Fuels.
[30] Biggs, J. (2004). Afforestation generated Kyoto compliant carbon offsets: a case study in northeastern Ontario (No. 2004-14).
[31] Kedaitiene, A., &Martinaviciene, R. (2005). Rural areas in Lithuania: significance, development and aid. In 2005 International Congress, August 23-27, 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark (No. 24552). European Association of Agricultural Economists.
[32] Elands, B. H., &Wiersum, K. F. (2001). Forestry and rural development in Europe: an exploration of socio-political discourses. Forest policy and economics, 3(1), 5-16.
[33] Selby, A., Petäjistö, L., &Koskela, T. (2003). Field afforestation in the context of rural development: a preliminary study of farmers´ and rural advisors´ perceptions. Metsäntutkimuslaitos.
[34] Van Kooten, G. C., Eagle, A. J., Manley, J., &Smolak, T. (2004). How costly are carbon offsets? A meta-analysis of carbon forest sinks. Environmental science & policy, 7(4), 239-251.
[35] Abbasi, S. R. S. &Akber, S. (2013).Role of natural vegetation in livelihoods of rural communities: A case study from Margalla Hills, Pakistan. The Pakistan Journal of Forestry Vol.63(1).
[36] Published in The Express Tribune, March 1st, 2015.
[37] Liu, Y., Bai, S. L., Zhu, Y., Li, G. L., & Jiang, P. (2012). Promoting seedling stress resistance through nursery techniques in China. New Forests, 43(5-6), 639-649.
